In the preface to his book, gaitskell states that the funda. Pdf ertsen odun water history book tvedt and oestigaerd. Disease, quarantine, and racial categories in the gezira. The gezira scheme is located between the blue and white nile ri vers south of khartoum at app roximately 0 and 15 0 north latitude. It is a truism that isotope methods, notably the use of neutron soil moisture and gamma soil density gauges, offer a new and effective means of research into plantsoilwater relationships. It was part of the kingdom of alodia for several centuries and with that states collapse in the early sixteenth century became the centre of the funj kingdom of sennar. The gezira scheme was begun by the british while the area was governed as part of angloegyptian sudan. The increase in nile water allocation through the 1959 nile waters agreement with egypt led for example to the construction of the managil extension of the gezira scheme and of the new halfa scheme. The gezira scheme, the manaquil scheme, the gumuiya scheme. Country club in cairo long a symbol of british imperialism and insularity in egypt, the gezira, as it is usually called, was founded in 1882 and originally limited its membership to highranking british civil servants in the egyptian government and officers of the army of occupation. It is centered on the sudanese state of al jazirah. Environmentally, both lie in a semiarid climate with a long dry season of.
E lowveld irrigation schemes are fewer than the differences but still a few can be found from both a physical and socioeconomic point of view. Origins of the gezira scheme british parliament approved a loan of gbp 3 million to the sudan government in 19 1919 the sudan plantation syndicate, the kassala cotton company and the government of sudan established a partnership to develop the gezira scheme. It will be a useful guide to others wishing to use the sudan archives for further study of the gezira scheme, since ertsen provides good summaries of many reports and memos. Gezira scheme irrigation project, sudan britannica. The first part comprises the introduction and general country information. Sudan the world bank and the gezira scheme in the sudan. Improvising planned development on the gezira plain, sudan, 1900.
The irrigation system is divided into the upper system us that includes the dam. Versluys 1953 the gezira scheme in the sudan and the russian kolkhoz. Pdf the lack of effective water distribution systems has hindered the development. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Together, these three made up the partners of the gezira scheme, each entitled to a share of the profits 40% each to the tenants and the government. The history of sudan includes that of both the territory that composes republic of the sudan, south sudan as well as that of a larger region known by the term sudan. Location of study sites in the gezira part of the central clay plains of sudan. Britain to be used as inputs for the production of the british textile mills, so the gezira scheme the largest economic projects in sudan was established specifically to achieve this goal. Doctors and political officials alike knew that the opening of a massive irrigation scheme would bring epidemiological change, potentially threatening the ability. Michael kevane, the international journal of african historical studies, vol. Annual report of field crops economic surveys sudan gezira board, economic and social research unit. Laki central state university, ohio historical development in 1908, a pump scheme was established at tayba for the production of cotton under the management of sudan productions syndicate sps. Another point mark in the gezira scheme history is that of managil extension which increase the gezira scheme area.
Since its establishment in 1925 decisions in the sudans gezira irrigated scheme have been topdown from the central headquarters of the sudan gezira board sgb. Cotton, colonialism, and social history in subsaharan. Archaeological, historical, religious, and natural unique sites. Cotton, colonialism, and social history in subsaharan africa allen isaacman and richard roberts cotton policies and african realities note on cotton and climate. The free vitalsource bookshelf application allows you to access to your ebooks whenever and wherever you choose. The region is the site of the gezira scheme, a program to foster cotton farming begun in 1925. Another point mark in the gezira scheme history is that of managil extension which increase the gezira scheme area from less than one million feddans to 2. This report examines how the design of the gezira irrigation scheme has resolved. Improvising planned development on the gezira plain, sudan, 19001980 pp 151171 cite as. It analyses the basin characteristics using statistical data and modern tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems.
One of the possible ways was to clearly offer support to sudans development efforts, with irrigation high on that agenda. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Nile river basin the international water management institute. When i first came to know the sudan between the two world wars and visited that strange plain of the gezira, made stranger by the gleaming geometrical pattern of the irrigation channels, i was deeply impressed by the need to spread knowledge of this unique achievement in economic partnership between a colonial government, a commercial company and what had been a. In the early 1950s, it was cleareven to the britishthat in a near future sudan would become much more, if not completely, independent. The need to protect the gezira from disease infection dominated interwar medical policy and medical research. Sectoral competition and regional distribution of gdp in sudan 1956. Raising productivity through broadening farmers choice on farm systems and water management tcpsud0065 wb fao collaboration in assisting gos defining options for sustainable development of the gezira pilot implemented under fao technical cooperation june 2000 october 2002 budget. Read while you wait get immediate ebook access when you order a print book. The gezira scheme is sudans oldest and largest gravity irrigation system. A story of development in the sudan faber and faber, london, 1959. This paper analyses the changing patterns of infection with schistosoma mansoni and s.
Technical efficiency analysis of groundnut production in the gezira scheme, sudan babiker o. A story of development in the sudan, was published in 1959 shortly af. The causes of sudans recent economic decline haitham abdualaziz almosharaf 1, fung deng tian. The study mainly based on analysis of secondary data of cotton crop in gezira scheme. Challenges in prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the sudan mutamad a. It covers a net cultivable ar ea of little less than one. The main irrigation schemes of africa and zimbabwe free. Why do gezira tenants withhold their households labour. Projects like gezira are best understood in terms of continuous negotiations. Gezira versus lowveld irrigation schemes free zimsec. When i first came to know the sudan between the two world wars and visited that strange plain of the gezira, made stranger by the gleaming geometrical pattern of the irrigation channels, i was deeply impressed by the need to spread knowledge of this unique achievement in economic partnership between a colonial government, a commercial company and what had been a very.
History of agricultural transformation and the role of international. The scheme is situated thirty kilometers along the zaka mashoko dusty road. Technical efficiency analysis of groundnut production in. The authors propose that the gezira scheme has played a paradoxical role in the capitalist transformation of the sudan reinforcing some noncapitalist production relations while at the same time acting as an engine for the peripheral capitalist development.
We find many pros and cons regarding the activity of the various departments of agriculture during the past five decades in sudan. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Irrigation management project gutenberg selfpublishing. Specifically,the book elaborates the history,and the major current and future challenges and opportunities,of the nile river basin. The area was at the southern end of nubia and little is known about its ancient history and only limited archaeological work has been conducted in this area. Colonial moral economy and the discipline of development.
Perspectives for sustainable development i summary and conclusions situation and outlook in brief the gezira irrigation scheme was established in 1925 and enlarged to its present capacity of 2. For the sudan gezira scheme, the eighties have been a decade of missed opportunities. Between the two world wars, the clubs rosters also listed the names of titled european. Analysis the gezira scheme has come to the forefront of events during the past weeks in the wake of the resignation that was tendered by the president of the scheme s board of directors, dr. Water productivity of sunflower under different irrigation regimes at gezira clay soil, sudan crc press book the gezira scheme is sudans oldest and largest gravity irrigation system. Mobileereaders download the bookshelf mobile app at or from the itunes or android store to access your ebooks from your mobile device or ereader. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. Selected morphological characteristics of soils from. The new halfa scheme is located on the upper atbara river in the east of the country. A matter of relationships actornetworks of colonial rule in the gezira irrigation system, sudan. Very briefly where and what the gezira scheme is today. It was thus a nonperennial scheme with monoculture. Improvising planned development on the gezira plain, sudan. The gezira scheme which was established during british colonial rule in sudan was often viewed as a model of development where small producers tenants are incorporated into a largescale project.
It was designed with the main objective of producing cotton, a single cash crop. Gaitskell believed that the gezira scheme merited such a book is telling. Taj alsir mustafa to prepare a study on the institutional reform of the gezira, new halfa and rahad agricultural schemes. Cotton, colonialism, and social history in subsaharan africa. Pdf determinants of food security in gezira scheme of sudan. Higher quality 6 x 9 black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Routledge ebooks are available through vitalsource. Media in category gezira scheme the following 6 files are in this category, out of 6 total. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. The possible relevance of some of this history to todays development problems. May 1 august 31 2012 2012 2014 between human niche construction and imperial power. The low contribution of the tenants household labour in the scheme s farming was a matter which was not expected and which begged for explanation. This report is an overview of the gezira scheme up to the present day. Current status of agriculture and future challenges in sudan.
It has a capacity of two hundred plot holders with each plot averaging 0, 5 hectares therefore. However, during the last ten years 1999 to 2009 gezira scheme was a high priority beginning with a presidential decree which mandated dr. At that time the sennar dam and numerous irrigation canals were built. Anne pitcher struggles over labor struggles over markets. This page was last edited on 3 november 2012, at 07. Mirghani department of agricultural economics, faculty of agriculture and natural resources, university of bakht al ruda, sudan.
The gezira irrigation scheme in sudan objectives, design, and. It is centered on the sudanese state of al jazirah, just southeast of the confluence of the blue and white nile rivers at the city of khartoum. Water productivity of sunflower under different irrigation. The first part deals with the history and evolution of the gezira scheme since 1925. On july 1, 1950, the sudan plantations syndicate no longer managed the gezira scheme.
The world bank and the gezira scheme in the sudan political. Al jazirah became the sudan s major agricultural region with more than 10,000 square kilometres 2. Copes final report on the project in which he took part is adequate. Maurits erstens wellwritten history of the gezira scheme relies almost exclusively on the sudan archives at durham university. The gezira irrigation scheme highlights the complicated relationships between medicine, capital, and the health of labour. The gezira scheme is one of the largest irrigation projects in the world.
Universitat and the deutsches museum, munich, germany. Port the cotton campaign in northern nigeria, 19021914. The sudanese became owners of one of the most spectacular agricultural experiments in the middle east and africa, certainly the largest agricultural unit of its kind in the world, and one of the most profitable. Options for the sustainable development of the gezira scheme pdf, government of.
This book rewrites geziras history in terms of colonial control, farmers actions and resistance, and the broader development debate. Project muse economic aspects of agricultural production in. In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content economie aspects ofagricultural production in the gezira sam l. Gradually th, e study came to centre on settlemen schemet ass organizations. The gezira scheme was begun by the british and distributes water from the blue nile through canals and ditches to tenant farms lying. Improvising planned development on the gezira plain, sudan, 19001980 palgrave studies in the history of science and technology 97817568175 by ertsen, maurits w. Pharmaceutical sciences journals ann jose ankara escort. Gezira is a wellpopulated area suitable for agriculture. Location north central south symbol date soil pit dug date examined approx. Carbon dioxide, global warming, acid rain, ozone depletion,destruction of rainforests. The typical image of the gezira scheme, the largescale irrigation scheme started under british. Irrigation canals of the gezira scheme, sudan, from space, 1997, with the utility type of management. The challenges ahead require sharper focus, real commitment, and concrete action. Abstract the primary objective of this study is to measure and.
Weaving the word pdf download full pdf read book page. Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Central to my investigation of the colonial moral economy of the gezira scheme is arthur gaitskell, who began work in the gezira in 1923 and managed the scheme from 1945 until his retirement in 1952. Would it be a turning point in the history of the gezira scheme. The typical image of the gezira scheme, the largescale irrigation scheme started under british colonial rule in sudan, is of a centrally planned effort by a central colonial power controlling tenants and cotton production. Some of the problems, both economic and social, which arose in planning the gezira scheme, and the way in which they were handled. Ertsen odun water history book tvedt and oestigaerd. Nile river basin the international water management. The scheme has played an important role in the economic development of the country, and is a major source of foreign exchange.
Kainji scheme, middle niger delta scheme, sharing orner scheme. Dam, which provides irrigation water for the rahad scheme. Arthur gaitskell on the gezira, dated 1959, which is. The water comes from the blue nile the utility type of water management occurs in areas where the land is owned by many, but the exploitation and distribution of the water resources are managed by government organizations.
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